431 Stainless Steel - 1.4057 - X17CrNi16-2 - ~SUS 431
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Imperial and Metric Steel Sizes for Sale
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431 Stainless Steel: Standard values
Working hardness:
approx. 32 HRC - 47 HRC
Delivery condition:
max. 331HB
Chemical composition in %
0.120000
0.120.220000
0.220.000000
01.000000
10.000000
01.500000
1.50.000000
00.040000
0.040.000000
00.030000
0.0315.000000
1517.000000
171.500000
1.52.500000
2.5431 Stainless Steel: Technical Data
431 Stainless Steel: Technical Properties
Martensitic chromium steel with high strength (tempered condition) and good corrosion resistance (added nickel). It is easy to weld and is conditionally acid resistant. The material has poor forgeability.
431 Stainless Steel: Applications
mechanical engineering, automotive industry, oil and petrochemical industry, aviation, food industry, soap industry, acetic acid industry, shafts, pump parts, perforated plates, spindles, piston rods, valve cones, turbine blades
431 General Information
Where can stainless steel 431 be used?
Due to its tensile strength and corrosion resistance 431 can be used for fasteners like bolts and screws or mechanical components like shafts and axles. Furthermore it can be used for pumps and valve components, aircraft components like landing gear or pivot pins. Automotive parts like engine components and exhaust system parts or in the food processing industry as it can withstand harsher cleaning processes. With its sharpness and corrosion resistance the 431 lends itself for cutlery and surgical instruments.Is the 431 a stainless steel?
Yes, the 431 is a stainless steel as it contains a mass fraction of 15 - 17% of chromium.Is the 431 steel corrosion resistant?
A corrosion resistant steel has a minimum of 10.5% chromium, with 15 - 17% chromium content the 431 is a classic stainless steel and is therefore corrosion resistant.
General corrosion
The 431 offers corrosion resistance in mild atmospheric environments with exposure to moisture.Is the 431 stainless steel magnetizable?
As a martensitic stainless steel the 431 can be magnetized and can be used for applications where this is desired or needed like magnetic clamping.Heat resistance for the 431 stainless steel
Stainless steel 431 should not be used at temperatures above the standard tempering temperature, due to the loss of mechanical properties. With occasional operations at 1697°F (925°C) and continuous operations at a temperature of 1598°F (870°C) this steel grade is resistant to scaling.431 stainless steel heat treatment
Desired properties dictate temperatures, holding times and cooling rates during the heat treatment of the 431 stainless steel.
Annealing 431 stainless steel
Heat parts to a temperature range of 1256-1472°F (680-800°C) and hold, then cool slowly and controlled in the furnace.
Austenitizing 431 stainless steel
Heat the material to a range of 1742-1922°F (950-1050°C) and hold to make sure the whole structure has been transformed to austenite followed by cooling the material in oil or air. This steel grade tends to harden by cooling in air.
Quenching 431 stainless steel
Quenching the 431 stainless in oil, air or water quickly transforms the austenite into a hard and brittle martensitic structure. Properties are depending on which quenching medium is being used.• Oil
• Air
• Water
Tempering stainless steel 431
To reduce the brittleness and to improve toughness, tempering is a critical step in the heat treatment process for the 431 stainless steel.Heat the workpiece uniformly to a temperature of 1112-1202°F (600-650°C) and hold for a minimum of 1 hour and then cool in air.
Dimensional changes of the 431 stainless steel
Dimensional changes happen when the material undergoes heat treatment or cooling due to phase changes during the treatment.During austenitization, when the material is heated, it can expand. While tempering internal stresses are redistributed which might expand the material slightly but not as much as during austenitization. On the other hand, cooling the 431 by quenching, the phase change from austenite to martensite, can reduce dimensions by contracting. Excessive contraction of the material may result in warping, distortion or cracking when not controlled properly.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of 431 stainless steel
EDM can be used for the 431 stainless steel, though it should be considered in what condition, annealed or hardened, it is being EDM’d. Hardened it can be more challenging and machining parameters as well as specialized electrodes should be considered. So when choosing EDM for the 431 it should be carefully planned and controlled. Surface treatment of the 431 stainless steel
Nitriding 431 stainless steel
Nitriding introduces nitrogen into the surface layer which gives the 431 an improved wear resistance due to the hard nitride layer.431 stainless steel passivation
Passivation removes free iron and contaminants from the surface of the 431. It creates a passive oxide layer which can prevent rust and other corrosion when exposed to corrosive environments.Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Chemical Vapor deposition (CVD) and Electroplating
To enhance corrosion resistance and hardness or reduce friction the 431 can be coated by PVD, CVD and Electroplating.Shot Peening the 431 stainless steel
Shot peening an impact treatment blasts multiple high velocity shots onto a material surface leaving small indentations which replace the tensile stress on the surface with a compressive layer. It solidifies the material and makes the surface more resistant which can prevent fatigue and can optimize the form and weight of the parts.Note: Protective gear like goggles, masks, helmets, gloves and protective clothing should be worn and adequate ventilation or dust extraction should be provided.
Appropriate guards to prevent shot spillage should be in place, equipment regularly maintained and shot should be free from contaminants.
Electropolishing
To improve the aesthetic, surface finish, corrosion resistance and remove embedded contaminants from the surface the 431 can be electropolished. This treatment removes a thin surface layer in an electrochemical process.Blackening
A chemical process which darkens the material surface for decorative purposes, blackening can also reduce light reflecting off the surface.431 stainless steel machinability
In its annealed condition 431 is to some extent easily machined. In its hardened condition, above 277 BHN (30 HRC), it is more difficult to machine.Forging 431 stainless steel
Carefully and slowly heat the work piece to a temperature of about 1562°F (850°C) and then rapidly increase heat to a temperature of 2102-2156°F (1150-1180°C). The forging temperature is 2156-1742°F (1180-950°C) followed by a slow cooling in the furnace, dry ash or other materials which support a slow cooling.Welding 431 stainless steel
Preheat the parts to about 212-572°F (100-300°C), welding temperature under 392°F (200°C) should be avoided. After welding is finished and the workpiece has reached an ambient temperature, heat for a post-weld heat treatment to 1202°F (650°C). Without the additional post-weld heat treatment, the mechanical properties in the heat affected areas and in the weld seam may be very different to those in the base metal. To prevent contamination, welding with gas containing hydrogen or nitrogen should be avoided as it affects the mechanical properties negatively. In order to ensure the best possible corrosion resistance in the weld, tempering colors have to be removed either mechanically or chemically.431 stainless steel wear resistance
On a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 is low and 6 is high the 431 scores a 3.Tensile strength for stainless steel 431
Stainless steel 431 has a tensile strength of approx. 152.2 KSI on delivery (0.145 KSI = 1MPa). In order to reach this value, a tensile test is performed to show how much force is needed to stretch or elongate a sample before it breaks.431 stainless steel yield strength
The yield strength shows how much stress can be applied before a material plastically deforms. Beyond that point the material will not return to its original form if the stresses are taken away but will stay deformed or even break.The yield strength for the 431 stainless steel is 7469 KSI (515 MPa).
Working hardness of the 431 stainless steel
The working hardness for the 431 stainless steel is approx. 300 - 447 BHN (32 - 47 HRC).431 stainless steel specific heat capacity
The specific heat capacity of the 431 stainless at room temperature is 0.46 J/g-°C (0.109 BTU/lb-°F). This value shows how much heat is needed to heat 1lb of material by 1 Fahrenheit.431 stainless steel continuous TTT-diagram
This diagram shows the micro changes at different temperatures which are important during heat treatment. They show the optimum condition for the hardening, annealing and normalizing process.
Steel Properties for the 431 stainless
431 stainless steel density
Typically the density of stainless steel 431 is 0.278 lb/in3 (7.7g/cm3) at room temperature.431 stainless steel thermal conductivity
The heat conductivity for stainless steel 431 is at ~25 W/(m*K) (~173 BTU/(h-ft*°F)) at room temperature.431 stainless steel thermal expansion coefficient
The following table shows expansion or contraction at various temperatures, which may be very important for high temperature works or when working with high temperature changes.
10-6m/(m • K) | At a temperature of |
---|---|
35.0 | 68 °F |
10 | 68 - 212°F |
10.5 | 68 - 392°F |
10.5 | 68 - 572°F |
10.6 | 68 - 752°F |
11 | 68 - 932°F |
Specific electrical resistivity for the 431 stainless steel
You can find the temperature dependent material constant (Resistivity) in the following table. The electrical conductivity is the reciprocal value of the specific resistance.
Value | BAt a temperature of |
---|---|
~0.7 (Ohm*mm²)/m | ~ 68°F |